IPv6 GRE: IPv6 Support for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
The rules for running GRE tunnels when IPv6 is the payload, the delivery network, or both.
Pignataro, C., Bonica, R., and S. Krishnan, "IPv6 Support for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 7676, DOI 10.17487/RFC7676, October 2015, <https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7676>.
@misc{rfc7676,
series = {Request for Comments},
number = 7676,
howpublished = {RFC 7676},
publisher = {RFC Editor},
doi = {10.17487/RFC7676},
url = {https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7676},
author = {C. Pignataro and R. Bonica and S. Krishnan},
title = {{IPv6 Support for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)}},
pagetotal = 11,
year = 2015,
month = oct,
} RFC text
Contents
Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) C. Pignataro
Request for Comments: 7676 Cisco Systems
Category: Standards Track R. Bonica
ISSN: 2070-1721 Juniper Networks
S. Krishnan
Ericsson
October 2015
IPv6 Support for Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)
Abstract
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) can be used to carry any network-
layer payload protocol over any network-layer delivery protocol.
Currently, GRE procedures are specified for IPv4, used as either the
payload or delivery protocol. However, GRE procedures are not
specified for IPv6.
This document specifies GRE procedures for IPv6, used as either the
payload or delivery protocol.
Status of This Memo
This is an Internet Standards Track document.
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force
(IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has
received public review and has been approved for publication by the
Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on
Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7676.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must
include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of
the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as
described in the Simplified BSD License.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.1. Requirements Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2. Terminology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2. GRE Header Fields . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.1. Checksum Present . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3. IPv6 as GRE Payload . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.1. GRE Protocol Type Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.2. MTU Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
3.3. Fragmentation Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4. IPv6 as GRE Delivery Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.1. Next Header Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.2. Checksum Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
4.3. MTU Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Security Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6. References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.1. Normative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
6.2. Informative References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Acknowledgements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
Authors' Addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Introduction
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) [RFC2784] [RFC2890] can be used
to carry any network-layer payload protocol over any network-layer
delivery protocol. Currently, GRE procedures are specified for IPv4
[RFC791], used as either the payload or delivery protocol. However,
GRE procedures are not specified for IPv6 [RFC2460].
This document specifies GRE procedures for IPv6, used as either the
payload or delivery protocol. Like RFC 2784, this document describes
how GRE has been implemented by several vendors.
1.1. Requirements Language
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT",
"SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this
document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].
1.2. Terminology
The following terms are used in this document:
o GRE delivery header: An IPv4 or IPv6 header whose source address
represents the GRE ingress node and whose destination address
represents the GRE egress node. The GRE delivery header
encapsulates a GRE header.
o GRE header: The GRE protocol header. The GRE header is
encapsulated in the GRE delivery header and encapsulates the GRE
payload.
o GRE payload: A network-layer packet that is encapsulated by the
GRE header.
o GRE overhead: The combined size of the GRE delivery header and the
GRE header, measured in octets.
o Path MTU (PMTU): The minimum MTU of all the links in a path
between a source node and a destination node. If the source and
destination node are connected through Equal-Cost Multipath
(ECMP), the PMTU is equal to the minimum link MTU of all links
contributing to the multipath.
o Path MTU Discovery (PMTUD): A procedure for dynamically
discovering the PMTU between two nodes on the Internet. PMTUD
procedures for IPv6 are defined in [RFC1981].
o GRE MTU (GMTU): The maximum transmission unit, i.e., maximum
packet size in octets, that can be conveyed over a GRE tunnel
without fragmentation of any kind. The GMTU is equal to the PMTU
associated with the path between the GRE ingress and the GRE
egress, minus the GRE overhead.
2. GRE Header Fields
This document does not change the GRE header format or any behaviors
specified by RFC 2784 or RFC 2890.
2.1. Checksum Present
The GRE ingress node SHOULD set the Checksum Present field in the GRE
header to zero. However, implementations MAY support a configuration
option that causes the GRE ingress node to set the Checksum Present
field to one.
As per Section 2.2 of RFC 2784, the GRE egress node uses the Checksum
Present field to calculate the length of the GRE header. If the
Checksum Present field is set to one, the GRE egress node MUST use
the GRE Checksum to verify the integrity of the GRE header and
payload.
Setting the Checksum Present field to zero reduces the computational
cost of GRE encapsulation and decapsulation. In many cases, the GRE
Checksum is partially redundant with other checksums. For example:
o If the payload protocol is IPv4, the IPv4 header is protected by
both the GRE Checksum and the IPv4 Checksum.
o If the payload carries TCP [RFC793], the TCP pseudo header, TCP
header, and TCP payload are protected by both the GRE Checksum and
TCP Checksum.
o If the payload carries UDP [RFC768], the UDP pseudo header, UDP
header, and UDP payload are protected by both the GRE Checksum and
UDP Checksum.
However, if the GRE Checksum Present field is set to zero, the GRE
header is not protected by any checksum. Furthermore, depending on
which of the above-mentioned conditions are true, selected portions
of the GRE payload will not be protected by any checksum.
Network operators should evaluate risk factors in their networks and
configure GRE ingress nodes appropriately.
3. IPv6 as GRE Payload
The following considerations apply to GRE tunnels that carry an IPv6
payload.
3.1. GRE Protocol Type Considerations
The Protocol Type field in the GRE header MUST be set to Ether Type
[RFC7042] 0x86DD (IPv6).
3.2. MTU Considerations
A GRE tunnel MUST be able to carry a 1280-octet IPv6 packet from
ingress to egress, without fragmenting the payload packet. All GRE
tunnels with a GMTU of 1280 octets or greater satisfy this
requirement. GRE tunnels that can fragment and reassemble delivery
packets also satisfy this requirement, regardless of their GMTU.
However, the ability to fragment and reassemble delivery packets is
not a requirement of this specification. This specification requires
only that GRE ingress nodes refrain from activating GRE tunnels that
do not satisfy the above-mentioned requirement.
Before activating a GRE tunnel and periodically thereafter, the GRE
ingress node MUST verify the tunnel's ability to carry a 1280-octet
IPv6 payload packet from ingress to egress, without fragmenting the
payload. Having executed those procedures, the GRE ingress node MUST
activate or deactivate the tunnel accordingly.
Implementation details regarding the above-mentioned verification
procedures are beyond the scope of this document. However, a GRE
ingress node can verify tunnel capabilities by sending a 1280-octet
IPv6 packet addressed to itself through the tunnel under test.
Many existing implementations [RFC7588] do not support the above-
mentioned verification procedures. Unless deployed in environments
where the GMTU is guaranteed to be greater than 1280, these
implementations MUST be configured so that the GRE endpoints can
fragment and reassemble the GRE delivery packet.
3.3. Fragmentation Considerations
When the GRE ingress receives an IPv6 payload packet whose length is
less than or equal to the GMTU, it can encapsulate and forward the
packet without fragmentation of any kind. In this case, the GRE
ingress router MUST NOT fragment the payload or delivery packets.
When the GRE ingress receives an IPv6 payload packet whose length is
greater than the GMTU, and the GMTU is greater than or equal to 1280
octets, the GRE ingress router MUST:
o discard the IPv6 payload packet
o send an ICMPv6 Packet Too Big (PTB) [RFC4443] message to the IPv6
payload packet source. The MTU field in the ICMPv6 PTB message is
set to the GMTU.
When the GRE ingress receives an IPv6 payload packet whose length is
greater than the GMTU, and the GMTU is less than 1280 octets, the GRE
ingress router MUST:
o encapsulate the entire IPv6 packet in a single GRE header and IP
delivery header
o fragment the delivery header, so that it can be reassembled by the
GRE egress
4. IPv6 as GRE Delivery Protocol
The following considerations apply when the delivery protocol is
IPv6.
4.1. Next Header Considerations
When the GRE delivery protocol is IPv6, the GRE header MAY
immediately follow the GRE delivery header. Alternatively, IPv6
extension headers MAY be inserted between the GRE delivery header and
the GRE header.
If the GRE header immediately follows the GRE delivery header, the
Next Header field in the IPv6 header of the GRE delivery packet MUST
be set to 47. If extension headers are inserted between the GRE
delivery header and the GRE header, the Next Header field in the last
IPv6 extension header MUST be set to 47.
4.2. Checksum Considerations
As stated in [RFC2784], the GRE header can contain a checksum. If
present, the GRE header checksum can be used to detect corruption of
the GRE header and GRE payload.
The GRE header checksum cannot be used to detect corruption of the
IPv6 delivery header. Furthermore, the IPv6 delivery header does not
contain a checksum of its own. Therefore, no available checksum can
be used to detect corruption of the IPv6 delivery header.
In one failure scenario, the destination address in the IPv6 delivery
header is corrupted. As a result, the IPv6 delivery packet is
delivered to a node other than the intended GRE egress node.
Depending upon the state and configuration of that node, it will
either:
a. Drop the packet
b. Decapsulate the payload and forward it to its intended
destination
c. Decapsulate the payload and forward it to a node other than its
intended destination.
Behaviors a) and b) are acceptable. Behavior c) is not acceptable.
Behavior c) is possible only when the following conditions are true:
1. The intended GRE egress node is a Virtual Private Network (VPN)
Provider Edge (PE) router.
2. The node to which the GRE delivery packet is mistakenly delivered
is also a VPN PE router.
3. VPNs are attached to both of the above-mentioned nodes. At least
two of these VPN's number hosts are from a non-unique (e.g.,
[RFC1918]) address space.
4. The intended GRE egress node maintains state that causes it to
decapsulate the packet and forward the payload to its intended
destination
5. The node to which the GRE delivery packet is mistakenly delivered
maintains state that causes it to decapsulate the packet and
forward the payload to an identically numbered host in another
VPN.
While the failure scenario described above is extremely unlikely, a
single misdelivered packet can adversely impact applications running
on the node to which the packet is misdelivered. Furthermore,
leaking packets across VPN boundaries also constitutes a security
breach. The risk associated with behavior c) could be mitigated with
end-to-end authentication of the payload.
Before deploying GRE over IPv6, network operators should consider the
likelihood of behavior c) in their network. GRE over IPv6 MUST NOT
be deployed other than where the network operator deems the risk
associated with behavior c) to be acceptable.
4.3. MTU Considerations
By default, the GRE ingress node cannot fragment the IPv6 delivery
header. However, implementations MAY support an optional
configuration in which the GRE ingress node can fragment the IPv6
delivery header.
Also by default, the GRE egress node cannot reassemble the IPv6
delivery header. However, implementations MAY support an optional
configuration in which the GRE egress node can reassemble the IPv6
delivery header.
5. Security Considerations
The Security Considerations section of [RFC4023] identifies threats
encountered when MPLS is delivered over GRE. These threats apply to
any GRE payload. As stated in RFC 4023, these various threats can be
mitigated through options such as authenticating and/or encrypting
the delivery packet using IPsec [RFC4301]. Alternatively, when the
payload is IPv6, these threats can also be mitigated by
authenticating and/or encrypting the payload using IPsec, instead of
the delivery packet. Otherwise, the current specification introduces
no security considerations beyond those mentioned in RFC 2784.
More generally, security considerations for IPv6 are discussed in
[RFC4942]. Operational security for IPv6 is discussed in [OPSEC-V6],
and security concerns for tunnels in general are discussed in
[RFC6169].
6. References
6.1. Normative References
[RFC768] Postel, J., "User Datagram Protocol", STD 6, RFC 768,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0768, August 1980,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc768>.
[RFC791] Postel, J., "Internet Protocol", STD 5, RFC 791,
DOI 10.17487/RFC0791, September 1981,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc791>.
[RFC793] Postel, J., "Transmission Control Protocol", STD 7,
RFC 793, DOI 10.17487/RFC0793, September 1981,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc793>.
[RFC1981] McCann, J., Deering, S., and J. Mogul, "Path MTU Discovery
for IP version 6", RFC 1981, DOI 10.17487/RFC1981, August
1996, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1981>.
[RFC2119] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate
Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2119, March 1997,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2119>.
[RFC2460] Deering, S. and R. Hinden, "Internet Protocol, Version 6
(IPv6) Specification", RFC 2460, DOI 10.17487/RFC2460,
December 1998, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2460>.
[RFC2784] Farinacci, D., Li, T., Hanks, S., Meyer, D., and P.
Traina, "Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE)", RFC 2784,
DOI 10.17487/RFC2784, March 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2784>.
[RFC2890] Dommety, G., "Key and Sequence Number Extensions to GRE",
RFC 2890, DOI 10.17487/RFC2890, September 2000,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2890>.
[RFC4023] Worster, T., Rekhter, Y., and E. Rosen, Ed.,
"Encapsulating MPLS in IP or Generic Routing Encapsulation
(GRE)", RFC 4023, DOI 10.17487/RFC4023, March 2005,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4023>.
[RFC4301] Kent, S. and K. Seo, "Security Architecture for the
Internet Protocol", RFC 4301, DOI 10.17487/RFC4301,
December 2005, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4301>.
[RFC4443] Conta, A., Deering, S., and M. Gupta, Ed., "Internet
Control Message Protocol (ICMPv6) for the Internet
Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) Specification", RFC 4443,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4443, March 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4443>.
6.2. Informative References
[OPSEC-V6] Chittimaneni, K., Kaeo, M., and E. Vyncke, "Operational
Security Considerations for IPv6 Networks", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-opsec-v6-07, September 2015.
[RFC1918] Rekhter, Y., Moskowitz, B., Karrenberg, D., de Groot, G.,
and E. Lear, "Address Allocation for Private Internets",
BCP 5, RFC 1918, DOI 10.17487/RFC1918, February 1996,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1918>.
[RFC4942] Davies, E., Krishnan, S., and P. Savola, "IPv6 Transition/
Co-existence Security Considerations", RFC 4942,
DOI 10.17487/RFC4942, September 2007,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4942>.
[RFC6169] Krishnan, S., Thaler, D., and J. Hoagland, "Security
Concerns with IP Tunneling", RFC 6169,
DOI 10.17487/RFC6169, April 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6169>.
[RFC7042] Eastlake 3rd, D. and J. Abley, "IANA Considerations and
IETF Protocol and Documentation Usage for IEEE 802
Parameters", BCP 141, RFC 7042, DOI 10.17487/RFC7042,
October 2013, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7042>.
[RFC7588] Bonica, R., Pignataro, C., and J. Touch, "A Widely
Deployed Solution to the Generic Routing Encapsulation
(GRE) Fragmentation Problem", RFC 7588,
DOI 10.17487/RFC7588, July 2015,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7588>.
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Fred Baker, Stewart Bryant, Benoit
Claise, Ben Campbell, Carlos Jesus Bernardos Cano, Spencer Dawkins,
Dino Farinacci, David Farmer, Brian Haberman, Tom Herbert, Kathleen
Moriarty, Fred Templin, Joe Touch, Andrew Yourtchenko, and Lucy Yong
for their thorough review and useful comments.
Authors' Addresses
Carlos Pignataro
Cisco Systems
7200-12 Kit Creek Road
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
United States
Email: cpignata@cisco.com
Ron Bonica
Juniper Networks
2251 Corporate Park Drive
Herndon, Virginia
United States
Email: rbonica@juniper.net
Suresh Krishnan
Ericsson
8400 Decarie Blvd.
Town of Mount Royal, QC
Canada
Phone: +1 514 345 7900 x42871
Email: suresh.krishnan@ericsson.com
AI ELI5
On this page
§1Introduction and Terms
Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE) carries any network-layer payload protocol over any network-layer delivery protocol. Its procedures were specified for IPv4 only. This document specifies them for IPv6, used as payload or delivery protocol, and like RFC 2784 it describes how GRE has been implemented by several vendors.
Key terms: the GRE delivery header is the IPv4 or IPv6 header whose addresses are the GRE ingress and egress nodes. The GRE overhead is the delivery header plus the GRE header, in octets. The GRE MTU (GMTU) is the largest packet a tunnel can carry without fragmentation of any kind: the path MTU between ingress and egress minus the GRE overhead.
The outer envelope has its own address, the inner letter has another, and the envelope takes up some room, so the letter inside has to be a bit smaller.
- GRE delivery headerIPv4 or IPv6; source and destination are the ingress and egress nodes
- GRE headerCarries Checksum Present and Protocol Type
- GRE payloadA network-layer packet, such as IPv6
§2GRE Header and the Checksum Bit
The GRE header format and the behaviors of RFC 2784 and RFC 2890 are unchanged. The one thing the RFC adds is advice on the Checksum Present field: the ingress node SHOULD set it to zero, though implementations MAY offer a configuration option to set it to one.
If it is one, the egress node MUST use the GRE Checksum to verify the header and payload. Zero saves computation, and the GRE Checksum is often partly redundant with the IPv4, TCP or UDP checksums. But with zero, the GRE header has no checksum protection, and parts of the payload may have none either. Operators are told to evaluate the risks and configure ingress nodes accordingly.
A check number on the outer envelope is usually skipped because the letter inside often has its own. Skipping it is cheaper, but sometimes nothing checks the envelope.
§3IPv6 as the GRE Payload
When the tunnel carries IPv6, the GRE Protocol Type MUST be Ether Type 0x86DD.
A tunnel MUST be able to carry a 1280-octet IPv6 packet from ingress to egress without fragmenting the payload. Any tunnel with a GMTU of 1280 octets or more meets this, as do tunnels that can fragment and reassemble delivery packets. Before activating a tunnel, and periodically afterwards, the ingress node MUST verify this ability and activate or deactivate the tunnel accordingly. The RFC suggests sending a 1280-octet IPv6 packet addressed to itself through the tunnel. Many existing implementations do not do this check, so unless the GMTU is guaranteed to exceed 1280 they MUST be configured so the endpoints can fragment and reassemble the delivery packet.
If a payload packet fits within the GMTU, it is encapsulated with no fragmentation of either packet. If it is larger and the GMTU is at least 1280, the ingress MUST discard it and send an ICMPv6 Packet Too Big message to the source, with the MTU field set to the GMTU. If it is larger and the GMTU is under 1280, the ingress MUST encapsulate the whole packet and fragment the delivery header so the egress can reassemble it.
Every tunnel must be wide enough for one standard-size box. If a box is too big, it is sent back with a note saying how big is allowed.
§4IPv6 as the GRE Delivery Protocol
With IPv6 delivery, the GRE header MAY follow the delivery header directly, or IPv6 extension headers MAY sit between them. In the first case the IPv6 Next Header field MUST be 47; otherwise the last extension header's Next Header MUST be 47.
By default, the ingress node cannot fragment the IPv6 delivery header and the egress node cannot reassemble it. Implementations MAY offer optional configuration to allow either.
The outer envelope has a label saying 'a GRE letter is inside', and that label is the number 47.
§4.2The Checksum Gap with IPv6 Delivery
The GRE checksum cannot detect corruption of the IPv6 delivery header, and IPv6 has no header checksum of its own. So no checksum can catch a corrupted delivery header.
If the destination address is corrupted, the packet reaches the wrong node, which will drop it, decapsulate and forward it correctly, or decapsulate and forward it to the wrong place. The last is unacceptable. It requires that both nodes be VPN Provider Edge routers, with VPNs on both that use overlapping address space such as that of RFC 1918, and matching state on both. The RFC calls this extremely unlikely, but one misdelivered packet can harm applications, and leaking across VPNs is a security breach.
Authenticating the payload end to end could mitigate it. GRE over IPv6 MUST NOT be deployed except where the operator deems the risk acceptable.
If the outer address gets smudged, the envelope could go to the wrong office. Almost always that office sends it on or throws it away, but in a rare case it could be delivered to the wrong person.
§5Security Considerations
The threats that RFC 4023 identifies for MPLS over GRE apply to any GRE payload. They can be mitigated by authenticating or encrypting the delivery packet with IPsec. When the payload is IPv6, the payload itself can be authenticated or encrypted with IPsec instead. Otherwise, this specification adds no security considerations beyond those of RFC 2784.
The RFC points to RFC 4942 for IPv6 security in general and to RFC 6169 for tunnel security concerns.
To keep the mail private, lock the inner letter or the outer envelope with a strong lock.