Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny Fragment Attack (RFC 1858)

Network Working Group                                          I. Miller
Request for Comments: 3128                                Singularis Ltd
Updates: 1858                                                  June 2001
Category: Informational


        Protection Against a Variant of the Tiny Fragment Attack

Status of this Memo

   This memo provides information for the Internet community.  It does
   not specify an Internet standard of any kind.  Distribution of this
   memo is unlimited.

Copyright Notice

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

Abstract

   This document discusses how RFC 1858 compliant filters can be
   vulnerable to a variant of the "Tiny Fragment Attack" described in
   section 3.1 of the RFC.  This document describes the attack and
   recommends corrective action.

1. Introduction

   RFC 1858 provides an excellent description of a class of attack on
   Internet firewalls and proposes countermeasures.  However one of
   these countmeasures, the "Indirect Method" (section 3.2.2) is
   vulnerable to a combination of two of the attacks described.

   The attack combines the features of the "Tiny Fragment Attack"
   (section 3) and the "Overlapping Fragment Attack" (section 4).

1.1 The scope of the attack

   Where the filtering rules allow incoming connections to a machine AND
   there other ports which allow only outgoing connections on the same
   host, the attack allows incoming connections to the supposedly
   outgoing-only ports.

   Note that only the initial connection message need be fragmented.
   Once the connection is established further traffic on it is legal.
   The significance of this weakness will depend on the security policy
   in force.

2. The Tiny Overlapping Fragment Attack

   The attack typically consists of sending three fragments.

   Fragment 1: (Fragment offset = 0; length >= 16)
      Includes whole header and is entirely legal.  Typically it
      describes a SYN packet initiating a new TCP connection to a port
      on the target host that is allowed to receive incoming
      connections.
      e.g., Incoming connection to port 25 SMTP.

   Fragment 2: (Fragment offset = 0; length = 8)
      Is only the first 8 bytes and could be legal depending on the
      other 8-bytes of the header, but is NOT legal combined with the
      corresponding bytes from Fragment 1.  Such a fragment includes
      only the port numbers and sequence number from the TCP header.
      Typically this packet replaces the destination port number with a
      port number on which the destination host that is not allowed to
      receive incoming connections.

   Fragment 3:  (Fragment offset >= 2; length = rest of message)
      Contains no header and completes the message.  (This third
      fragment is not part of the attack.  However Fragment 1 cannot be
      the complete message or it would be passed up to the application
      before Fragment 2 arrived so a third fragment is necessary.)

2.1 Example of the attack

   Consider the following trivial set of rules for incoming packets:

   +---+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------+
   | No|Action | Source| Dest. | Flags | Purpose               |
   |   |       | Port  | Port  |       |                       |
   +===+=======+=======+=======+=======+=======================+
   | 1 |Permit | >1023 | SMTP  |  ANY  | Incoming E-mail       |
   +---+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------+
   | 2 |Permit | >1023 |  ANY  |  Ack=1| Existing FTP data     |
   |   |               |       |       | channel connections.  |
   +---+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------+
   | 3 |Deny   | ANY   |  ANY  |  ANY  | Default deny          |
   +---+-------+-------+-------+-------+-----------------------+

   Fragment 1: attacker(1234) -> target(SMTP) Ack=0
      This is a new SMTP connection and is permitted by rule 1.

   Fragment 2: attacker(1234) -> target(Telnet=23) Ack=absent
      All fields present conform to rule 2, as it could be the start of
      an FTP packet.

   Depending on the precise implementation of the fragment reassembly in
   the target machine's IP stack, fragment B may overwrite fragment A to
   produce:-

      attacker(1234) -> target(Telnet) Ack=0
          (new telnet connection)

2.2 The failure of "Indirect Method"

   The Indirect Method attempts to solve both Tiny Fragment and
   Overlapping Fragment attacks, solely by rejecting packets with FO=1.
   However none of the above fragments have FO=1, so none are rejected.

   The failure is clear on careful reading.  In section 3.2.2 "Indirect
   Method", RFC 1858 states:-

      The indirect method relies on the observation that when a TCP
      packet is fragmented so as to force "interesting" header fields
      out of the zero-offset fragment, there must exist a fragment with
      FO equal to 1.

   This is normally true where the fragments are genuine fragments,
   generally by bona fide software, but it is simply not true that a
   hacker forging fragments is forced to produce an FO=1 fragment simply
   because (s)he has produced an 8-byte FO=0 fragment.  The
   vulnerability flows from this false premise.

3. Countermeasures

   Whereas apparently very elegant, RFC 1858's Indirect Method is not
   robust.  In addition to blocking FO=1 packets, it is also necessary
   to block FO=0 that hold less than a complete header.

      if FO=0 and PROTOCOL=TCP and TRANSPORTLEN < tmin then
              DROP PACKET
      if FO=1 and PROTOCOL=TCP then
              DROP PACKET

4. Security Considerations

   This memo is concerned entirely with the security implications of
   filtering fragmented IP packets.

5. Author's Address

   Ian Miller
   Singularis Ltd
   32 Stockwell Street
   Cambridge
   CB1 3ND  UK

   Phone: +44 1223 511943
   EMail: Ian_Miller@singularis.ltd.uk

6. Full Copyright Statement

   Copyright (C) The Internet Society (2001).  All Rights Reserved.

   This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to
   others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it
   or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published
   and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any
   kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
   included on all such copies and derivative works.  However, this
   document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing
   the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other
   Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of
   developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for
   copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be
   followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than
   English.

   The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be
   revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns.

   This document and the information contained herein is provided on an
   "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING
   TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING
   BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION
   HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF
   MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

Acknowledgement

   Funding for the RFC Editor function is currently provided by the
   Internet Society.